Danger GHS02GHS08GHS07GHS09 NOAEL Data IARC Group 3 REACH Registered Cosmetic Ingredient

D-Limonene

Also known as: (4R)-1-Methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexene, Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (4R)-, Citrene, EINECS 227-813-5, FEMA No. 2633 (+14 more)

CAS 5989-27-5

D-Limonene (CAS 5989-27-5) is a chemical substance with GHS signal word Danger; key hazard signal: H226; H304; H315; H317; H400; H412. Key regulatory status: REACH registered, 60 regulatory/inventory lists, cosmetic ingredient cross-reference; source data from ECHA CLP, EPA ToxValDB, EPA CPDat, AICIS, IARC, ECHA REACH, ILO ICSC.

View cosmetic safety profile for Limonene →

SOURCE noael studies public
NOAEL studies
100
SOURCE chemical inventory jurisdictions
Regulatory lists
60
SOURCE eu clp annex vi
GHS signal
Danger

Chemical Identity

CAS, identifiers, formula, and alternate names for the matched substance record.

SOURCE DSSTox identifiers 25 fields
Name
D-Limonene
CAS Number
5989-27-5
DTXSID
DTXSID1020778
Molecular Formula
C10H16
InChI Key
XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-JTQLQIEISA-N
Monoisotopic Mass
136.125201
Synonyms
(4R)-1-Methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexeneCyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (4R)-CitreneEINECS 227-813-5FEMA No. 2633(+)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexeneKautschiin(+)-R-Limonened-p-Mentha-1,8-diene1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene, (R)-NCI-C55572(+)-alpha-Limonene

IARC Carcinogen Classification

Carcinogenic hazard classification from IARC monograph evaluations.

SOURCE IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans 1 records
GroupMeaningEvaluatedVolume
Group 3Not classifiable199856, 73

GHS / CLP Classification

EU harmonized hazard classification, hazard statements, pictograms, and signal word.

SOURCE EU CLP Annex VI (ECHA) 1 classifications
Hazard ClassH-StatementsPictogramsSignal
Flam. Liq. 3; Asp. Tox. 1; Skin Irrit. 2; Skin Sens. 1B; Aquatic Acute 1; Aquatic Chronic 3H226; H304; H315; H317; H400; H412GHS02; GHS08; GHS07; GHS09Danger

ICSC Chemical Safety

International Chemical Safety Card hazard and exposure summary.

SOURCE ILO/WHO International Chemical Safety Cards 1 records
FieldValue
Short-term EffectsThe substance is irritating to the skin. The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes.
Long-term EffectsRepeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. See Notes.

Functional Uses

Industrial and product-use categories associated with this substance.

SOURCE EPA CPDat 60 records
SolventFragranceFlavouring and nutrient

Regulatory Lists

Inventory, screening, and regulatory list matches from public chemical databases.

SOURCE EPA CPDat 60 records
ListKeywordSource
Canada; pharmaceuticalDrugBankDrugBank
SCIL (9/2019)USEPASafer Chemical Ingredients List
active_ingredient; Europe; PesticidesCommission of the European CommunitiesCPCat
EuropeDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
Europe; Personal careDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
Europe; Personal careDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
inert_ingredient; PesticidesEPACPCat
Cleaning products and household care - shoes; EuropeDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
Cleaning products and household care - shoes; EuropeDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
detected; Europe; Personal care - nails - nail polishDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
detected; Europe; Personal care - make-up and relatedDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
Cleaning products and household care; EuropeDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
Cleaning products and household care - laundry and fabric treatment - laundry stain remover; detected; EuropeDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
Cleaning products and household care - carpet and floor - carpet cleaner; Cleaning products and household care - laundry and fabric treatment - laundry stain remover; detected; EuropeDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
Cleaning products and household care - carpet and floor - carpet cleaner; detected; EuropeDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
Cleaning products and household care - laundry and fabric treatment - laundry stain remover; detected; EuropeDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
Europe; Personal care - sexual wellnessDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
inert_ingredient; non_food_use; PesticidesEPACPCat
Cleaning products and household care - air freshener; detected; Europe; Vehicle - car interior - auto air freshenerDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Toys and children's productsDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Toys and children's productsDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Toys and children's productsDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
detected; wastewaterUSGSUnited States Geological Survey (USGS)
consumer_product; detected; EuropeDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
consumer_product; detected; EuropeDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
consumer_product; detected; EuropeDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
detected; Europe; Other indirect contact consumer goodsDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Vehicle - car interiorDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Vehicle - car interiorDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Vehicle - car interiorDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Vehicle - car interiorDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Vehicle - car interiorDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Vehicle - car interior - auto air freshenerDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Vehicle - car interiorDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Vehicle - car interiorDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
detected; Europe; Vehicle - car interiorDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Vehicle - car interiorDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Vehicle - car interiorDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Vehicle - car interiorDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA
air; detected; emissions; Europe; Vehicle - car interior - auto air freshenerDanish Environmental Protection AgencyDanish EPA

NOAEL Studies

Toxicology endpoints rendered from public NOAEL study rows.

SOURCE NOAEL studies Showing 50 of 100 studies
ValueUnitEndpointRouteSpeciesSource
216.7ug/mLCD54, EC200Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
30.03ug/mLCD86, EC150Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
278ug/mLCD86, EC150Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
>200ug/mLCV70Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
736.6ug/mLCV75Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
=66.7mg/m3DNEL systemicinhalationHumanToxValDB_GESTIS_DNEL
18.6%Depletion CysDermal-NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
-%Depletion LysDermal-NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
>2000uMEC1.5Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
4000uMEC1.5Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
69%EC3DermalMouseNTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
69%EC3DermalMouseNTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
69%EC3DermalMouseNTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
69%EC3DermalMouseNTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
39.8minET50Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_irritation
47.6minET50Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_irritation
52.5minET50Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_irritation
74.8minET50Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_irritation
76.2minET50Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_irritation
95.8minET50Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_irritation
142minET50Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_irritation
224minET50Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_irritation
258minET50Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_irritation
GFD7C86Q1WUNIIFDA UNII substance identifier--openFDA substances
GFD7C86Q1WUNIIFDA UNII substance identifier--openFDA substances
GFD7C86Q1WUNIIFDA UNII substance identifier--openFDA substances
GFD7C86Q1WUNIIFDA UNII substance identifier--openFDA substances
3IARC groupIARC carcinogenicity classification--IARC Monographs
3unitlessIARC group--NTP_ICE_cancer
82.27uMIC50Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
118.1uMIC50Dermal-NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
1.14ratioImaxDermal-NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
1.205ratioImaxDermal-NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
-%Incidence of positive responsesDermalHumanNTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
4966ug/cm2Induction dose per skin areaDermalHumanNTP_ICE_skin_sensitization
=4400mg/kg bwLD50oralRatNTP_ICE_acute_oral
=5000mg/kg bwLD50oralRatNTP_ICE_acute_oral
=75mg/kg bw/dayLELoralrat (fischer; Fischer 344)ToxRefDB_ToxRefDB_v3_pod.csv
=600mg/kg bw/dayLELoralrat (fischer; Fischer 344)ToxRefDB_ToxRefDB_v3_pod.csv
=1000mg/kg bw/dayLELoralmouse (b6c3f1; B6C3F1)ToxRefDB_ToxRefDB_v3_pod.csv
=30mg/kg bw/dayLOAELoralRatToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID
=30mg/kg bw/dayLOAELoralRatToxValDB_HPVIS
=500mg/kg bw/dayLOAELoralRabbitToxValDB_HPVIS
=600mg/kg bw/dayLOAELoralRatToxValDB_HPVIS
=1000mg/kg bw/dayLOAELoralMouseToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID
=1000mg/kg bw/dayLOAELoralMouseToxValDB_HPVIS
=1200mg/kg bw/dayLOAELoralRatToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID
=1650mg/kg bw/dayLOAELoralRatToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID
=2363mg/kg bw/dayLOAELoralMouseToxValDB_HPVIS
=2770mg/kg bw/dayLOAELoralRatToxValDB_HPVIS

Showing 50 of 100 studies

REACH Registration

Registration status from the ECHA REACH registered substances database.

SOURCE ECHA (EU) 1 records
StatusNameEC NumberLink
Registered(R)-p-mentha-1,8-diene227-813-5ECHA overview →

Australian Status (AICIS)

Australian industrial chemicals inventory status and applicable conditions.

SOURCE AICIS inventory 1 records
Inventory Status
listed_with_terms
Conditions
Specific information requirements: Obligations to provide information apply. These obligations are: 1. If the assessment report about the chemical recommends secondary notification of the chemical in particular circumstances and any of the circumstances occur in relation to the introduction (importation or manufacture) of the chemical by a person, then the person introducing this chemical must tell us in writing within 28 calendar days that the circumstances have occurred. 2. A person who introduces this chemical must tell us in writing within 28 calendar days if they become aware of any of the following circumstances, namely, that since the assessment under the Industrial Chemicals (Notification and Assessment) Act 1989: a. the function or use of the chemical has changed, or is likely to change, significantly; b. the amount of the chemical being introduced has increased, or is likely to increase, significantly; c. in the case of a chemical not manufactured, or proposed to be manufactured, in Australia at the time of the assessment—it has begun to be manufactured in Australia; d. the method of manufacture of the chemical in Australia has changed, or is likely to change, in a way that may result in an increased risk of an adverse effect of the chemical on occupational health and safety, public health or the environment; e. additional information has become available to the person as to an adverse effect of the chemical on occupational health and safety, public health or the environment.

Cosmetic Safety Profile

Same-CAS cosmetic ingredient record for cross-vertical context.

SOURCE CosIng / Ingredients DB
EU Status
restricted
Max
>0.001% leave-on, >0.01% rinse-off (mandatory label declaration)
Category
fragrance
View full cosmetic safety profile →

Pharmaceutical Data

Same-CAS pharmaceutical records from drug and bioactivity sources.

SOURCE EMBL-EBI ChEMBL D-LIMONENE
ChEMBL Phase
2
Adverse Events
0
Bioactivity
3
View full pharmaceutical profile →

Food Safety Data

Same-CAS food additive, ADI, and GRAS records where available.

SOURCE EFSA / FDA GRAS 1 records

ADI: NOT SPECIFIED (1993) mg/kg bw

View full food safety profile →

Cannabis Data

Same-CAS cannabis compliance and lab records where available.

SOURCE Cannabis regulatory / lab data efsa substances

1 cannabis record found in efsa substances.

View full cannabis profile →

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the GHS hazard classification for D-Limonene?

D-Limonene (CAS 5989-27-5) is classified under EU CLP Annex VI as Flam. Liq. 3; Asp. Tox. 1; Skin Irrit. 2; Skin Sens. 1B; Aquatic Acute 1; Aquatic Chronic 3 with signal word Danger. Hazard statements: H226; H304; H315; H317; H400; H412. Source: EU CLP Annex VI (ECHA).

What is the NOAEL for D-Limonene?

D-Limonene has 100 NOAEL studies in the database. The lowest reported value is 0 % via Dermal. Source: NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization.

What regulatory lists include D-Limonene?

D-Limonene appears on 30 regulatory/inventory lists including Canada; pharmaceutical, SCIL (9/2019), active_ingredient; Europe; Pesticides, and 27 more. Source: EPA CPDat.

Is D-Limonene a carcinogen according to IARC?

D-Limonene is classified by IARC as Group 3 — not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (evaluated 1998). Source: IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans.

Is D-Limonene used in cosmetics?

Yes, D-Limonene is also indexed as a cosmetic ingredient under the name Limonene. View the full cosmetic safety profile on the ingredient page for detailed safety data, SCCS opinions, and regulatory status.

Where does the safety data for D-Limonene come from?

Safety data is sourced from ECHA CLP Annex VI, EPA ToxValDB, EPA CPDat, AICIS (Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme), EPA DSSTox, IARC Monographs, ECHA REACH, ILO/WHO ICSC, CosIng / Ingredients DB, ChEMBL / DailyMed, EFSA / FDA GRAS, cannabis regulatory/lab databases. All data traces to primary regulatory sources and is updated from official government databases.

Does D-Limonene have different safety status in cosmetics vs industrial chemicals?

D-Limonene is classified GHS Danger (H226, H304, H315, H317, H400, H412) in the chemicals database but is restricted in EU cosmetics at max >0.001% leave-on, >0.01% rinse-off (mandatory label declaration).

Is D-Limonene used outside industrial chemicals?

D-Limonene also appears in cosmetics, pharmaceutical, food safety, cannabis databases.