Also known as: 2-furaldehyde, 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-17-09-00292, Ant Oil, artificial, Artificial oil of ants (+15 more)
CAS 98-01-1
Furfural (CAS 98-01-1) is a chemical substance with GHS signal word Danger; key hazard signal: H351; H331; H312; H301; H335; H315; H319. Key regulatory status: REACH registered, 12 regulatory/inventory lists, cosmetic ingredient cross-reference; source data from ECHA CLP, EPA ToxValDB, EPA CPDat, AICIS, SCCS, IARC, ECHA REACH, ILO ICSC, OSHA.
Furfural is classified GHS Danger (H351, H331, H312, H301, H335, H315, H319) in the chemicals database but is restricted in EU cosmetics at max 10 ppm.
CAS, identifiers, formula, and alternate names for the matched substance record.
Carcinogenic hazard classification from IARC monograph evaluations.
| Group | Meaning | Evaluated | Volume |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group 3 | Not classifiable | 1995 | 63 |
EU harmonized hazard classification, hazard statements, pictograms, and signal word.
| Hazard Class | H-Statements | Pictograms | Signal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carc. 2; Acute Tox. 3 *; Acute Tox. 4 *; Acute Tox. 3 *; STOT SE 3; Skin Irrit. 2; Eye Irrit. 2 | H351; H331; H312; H301; H335; H315; H319 | GHS08; GHS06 | Danger |
International Chemical Safety Card hazard and exposure summary.
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| GHS Signal Word | DANGER |
| GHS Hazard Statements | Flammable liquid and vapour Toxic if swallowed Fatal if inhaled Causes mild skin irritation Causes eye irritation May cause respiratory irritation Suspected of causing cancer May cause damage to liver through prolonged or repeated exposure if swallowed May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways Harmful to aquatic life |
| Short-term Effects | The substance is mildly irritating to the skin. The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. If swallowed the substance may cause vomiting and could result in aspiration pneumonitis. |
| Long-term Effects | The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking. The substance may have effects on the liver. Tumours have been detected in experimental animals but may not be relevant to humans. |
| Routes of Exposure | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion. |
Occupational exposure limits from OSHA, NIOSH, and ACGIH rows.
| Agency | Metric | Value | ppm | mg/m3 | Skin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OSHA | TWA | 5 ppm (20 mg/m³) | 5 | 20 | Y |
| ACGIH | TWA | 0.2 ppm [2016] | 0.2 | - | Y |
| CAL/OSHA | TWA | 2 ppm (8 mg/m³) | 2 | 8 | Y |
| NIOSH | IDLH | 100 ppm | 100 | - | - |
| AIHA | ERPG-1 | 2 ppm | 2 | - | - |
| AIHA | ERPG-2 | 10 ppm | 10 | - | - |
| AIHA | ERPG-3 | 50 ppm | 50 | - | - |
Industrial and product-use categories associated with this substance.
Inventory, screening, and regulatory list matches from public chemical databases.
| List | Keyword | Source |
|---|---|---|
| active_ingredient; Europe; Pesticides | European Commission | CPCat |
| artificial_saliva; detected; emissions; Europe; Toys and children's products | Danish Environmental Protection Agency | Danish EPA |
| air; Arts and crafts/Office supplies - children's art and toys - modeling clay; detected; emissions; Europe | Danish Environmental Protection Agency | Danish EPA |
| air; Cleaning products and household care - air freshener; detected; emissions; Europe | Danish Environmental Protection Agency | Danish EPA |
| Cleaning products and household care - air freshener; Europe | Danish Environmental Protection Agency | Danish EPA |
| air; Cleaning products and household care - air freshener; detected; emissions; Europe | Danish Environmental Protection Agency | Danish EPA |
| Australia; Food and drug - smoking-related products | New Zealand ESR | CPCat |
| IFRA Transparency | IFRA | IFRA |
| Europe | European Commission | Fl@vis |
| food_additive; Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS) (2/2019) | FDA | United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
| consumer_product | P&G | Proctor & Gamble |
| Europe; Personal care; restricted | European Commission | CosIng |
Toxicology endpoints rendered from public NOAEL study rows.
| Value | Unit | Endpoint | Route | Species | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| =0.5 | mg/kg bw/day | ADI | - | Consumers | EFSA |
| =0.5 | mg/kg bw/day | ADI | - | - | WHO/JECFA |
| =0.5 | mg/kg bw/day | ADI (group) | - | Consumers | EFSA |
| =8 | mg/m3 | DNEL local | inhalation | Human | ToxValDB GESTIS DNEL |
| =4.26 | mg/m3 | DNEL systemic | inhalation | Human | ToxValDB GESTIS DNEL |
| DJ1HGI319P | UNII | FDA UNII substance identifier | - | - | openFDA substances |
| 3 | IARC group | IARC carcinogenicity classification | - | - | IARC Monographs |
| 3 | unitless | IARC group | - | - | NTP ICE cancer |
| 0 | % | Incidence of positive responses | Dermal | Human | NTP ICE skin sensitization |
| 1350 | ug/cm2 | Induction dose per skin area | Dermal | Human | NTP ICE skin sensitization |
| 0.6873 | mg/L | LC50 | Inhalation | - | NTP ICE acute inhalation |
| 12.2 | mg/L | LC50 | Inhalation | - | NTP ICE acute inhalation |
| =65 | mg/kg bw | LD50 | oral | Rat | NTP ICE acute oral |
| =100 | mg/kg bw | LD50 | oral | Rat (Male/Female) | NTP ICE acute oral |
| =105 | mg/kg bw | LD50 | oral | Rat (Male/Female) | NTP ICE acute oral |
| =108 | mg/kg bw | LD50 | oral | Rat (Male/Female) | NTP ICE acute oral |
| =127 | mg/kg bw | LD50 | oral | Rat | NTP ICE acute oral |
| =11 | mg/kg bw/day | LEL | oral | rat (fischer; Fischer 344) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
| =50 | mg/kg bw/day | LEL | oral | mouse (b6c3f1; B6C3F1) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
| =60 | mg/kg bw/day | LEL | oral | rat (fischer; Fischer 344) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
| =75 | mg/kg bw/day | LEL | oral | mouse (b6c3f1; B6C3F1) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
| =90 | mg/kg bw/day | LEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB ToxRefDB |
| =90 | mg/kg bw/day | LEL | oral | rat (fischer; Fischer 344) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
| =120 | mg/kg bw/day | LEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB ToxRefDB |
| =120 | mg/kg bw/day | LEL | oral | rat (fischer; Fischer 344) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
| =150 | mg/kg bw/day | LEL | oral | Mouse | ToxValDB ToxRefDB |
| =150 | mg/kg bw/day | LEL | oral | mouse (b6c3f1; B6C3F1) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
| =400 | mg/kg bw/day | LEL | oral | Mouse | ToxValDB ToxRefDB |
| =400 | mg/kg bw/day | LEL | oral | mouse (b6c3f1; B6C3F1) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
| =8.253e+4 | mg/m3 | LEL | inhalation | Human | ToxValDB DOE Protective Action Criteria |
| =7.9 | mg/kg/day | LOAEL | oral | - | Regulatory source |
| 11 | mg/kg bw/day | LOAEL | oral | rat | COSMOS DB |
| 30 | mg/kg bw/day | LOAEL | oral | rat | COSMOS DB |
| =30 | mg/kg bw/day | LOAEL | oral | Rat | ECHA |
| =60 | mg/kg bw/day | LOAEL | oral | Rat | ECHA |
| 90 | mg/kg bw/day | LOAEL | oral | rat | COSMOS DB |
| =100 | mg/kg bw/day | LOAEL | oral | mouse (b6c3f1; B6C3F1) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
| =175 | mg/kg bw/day | LOAEL | oral | Mouse | ECHA |
| =7.9 | mg/kg bw/day | LOAEL (ADJ) | oral | Rat | ToxValDB IRIS |
| =5 | mg/kg bw/day | LOEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB ECOTOX |
| =20 | mL/kg | LOEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB ECOTOX |
| =50 | mg/kg bw/day | LOEL | oral | Mouse | ToxValDB ECOTOX |
| 0 | unitless | Model Score | - | - | NTP ICE endocrine |
| >0 | mg/kg bw/day | NEL | oral | rat (fischer; Fischer 344) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
| =30 | mg/kg bw/day | NEL | oral | rat (fischer; Fischer 344) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
| =45 | mg/kg bw/day | NEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB ToxRefDB |
| =45 | mg/kg bw/day | NEL | oral | rat (fischer; Fischer 344) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
| =60 | mg/kg bw/day | NEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB ToxRefDB |
| =60 | mg/kg bw/day | NEL | oral | rat (fischer; Fischer 344) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
| =200 | mg/kg bw/day | NEL | oral | mouse (b6c3f1; B6C3F1) | EPA ToxRefDB v3 |
Showing 50 of 84 studies
Registration status from the ECHA REACH registered substances database.
| Status | Name | EC Number | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Registered | 2-furaldehyde | 202-627-7 | ECHA overview → |
Australian industrial chemicals inventory status and applicable conditions.
EU Scientific Committee opinions tied to the matched substance.
| Opinion | Date | Conclusion | Max Conc. | Concerns |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCCS/1456/11 | 13-14 December 2011 | Safe at ≤10 ppm in all finished cosmetic products including oral products; does not pose consumer health risk at this level. (Note: source file opinion number may be an error; actual Furfural opinion is SCCS/1461/12) | ≤10 ppm (0.001%) in all finished cosmetic products including oral care | CMR Cat.2 carcinogen (CLP); positive genotoxicity in vitro but negative in vivo; mild skin/mucous membrane irritant; threshold carcinogenic mechanism (not genotoxic in vivo) |
Same-CAS cosmetic ingredient record for cross-vertical context.
Same-CAS pharmaceutical records from drug and bioactivity sources.
Same-CAS cannabis compliance and lab records where available.
1 cannabis record found in efsa substances.
View full cannabis profile →Furfural (CAS 98-01-1) is classified under EU CLP Annex VI as Carc. 2; Acute Tox. 3 *; Acute Tox. 4 *; Acute Tox. 3 *; STOT SE 3; Skin Irrit. 2; Eye Irrit. 2 with signal word Danger. Hazard statements: H351; H331; H312; H301; H335; H315; H319. Source: EU CLP Annex VI (ECHA).
Furfural has 84 NOAEL studies in the database. The lowest reported value is 0 % via Dermal in Human. Source: NTP ICE skin sensitization.
Furfural appears on 11 regulatory/inventory lists including active_ingredient; Europe; Pesticides, artificial_saliva; detected; emissions; Europe; Toys and children's products, air; Arts and crafts/Office supplies - children's art and toys - modeling clay; detected; emissions; Europe, and 8 more. Source: EPA CPDat.
Furfural is classified by IARC as Group 3 — not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (evaluated 1995). Source: IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans.
Occupational exposure limits for Furfural are set by OSHA, ACGIH, CAL/OSHA. 7 limit values from official agencies are documented in the database. Source: OSHA, NIOSH, ACGIH.
Yes, Furfural is also indexed as a cosmetic ingredient under the name Furfural. View the full cosmetic safety profile on the ingredient page for detailed safety data, SCCS opinions, and regulatory status.
Safety data is sourced from ECHA CLP Annex VI, EPA ToxValDB, EPA CPDat, AICIS (Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme), EPA DSSTox, IARC Monographs, ECHA REACH, ILO/WHO ICSC, OSHA/NIOSH/ACGIH, CosIng / Ingredients DB, ChEMBL / DailyMed, cannabis regulatory/lab databases. All data traces to primary regulatory sources and is updated from official government databases.
Furfural is classified GHS Danger (H351, H331, H312, H301, H335, H315, H319) in the chemicals database but is restricted in EU cosmetics at max 10 ppm.
Furfural also appears in cosmetics, pharmaceutical, cannabis databases.