NOAEL Studies Cosmetic Ingredient

Theobromine NOAEL Studies

INCI: THEOBROMINE

CAS: 83-67-0

Raw No Observed Adverse Effect Level endpoint records grouped by source. This page does not render calculated Margin of Safety values.

COSMOS DB 17 endpoints
Source Endpoint Type Value Unit Species Route Duration Study Type Reference
COSMOS DB LOAEL 41 mg/kg bw/day rabbit oral 6-29 Gestation day Developmental PAFA; FOOD CHEM TOXICOL 24:363-374
COSMOS DB LOAEL 125 mg/kg bw/day rabbit oral 6-29 Gestation day Developmental PAFA; FOOD CHEM TOXICOL 24:363-374
COSMOS DB NOAEL 21 mg/kg bw/day rabbit oral 24 day Developmental US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 53 mg/kg bw/day rat oral 14 day Developmental US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 75 mg/kg bw/day rabbit oral 24 day Developmental US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 88.2 mg/kg bw/day rabbit oral 120 day Subchronic US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 110 mg/kg bw/day rat oral 28 day Short Term Toxicity US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 144 mg/kg bw/day rat oral 28 day Short Term Toxicity US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 199 mg/kg bw/day rat oral 28 day Short Term Toxicity US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 250 mg/kg bw/day rat oral 448 day Chronic US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 300 mg/kg bw/day rat oral 28 day Short Term Toxicity US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 375 mg/kg bw/day mouse oral NA Reproductive US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 500 mg/kg bw/day rat oral 8 day Short Term Toxicity US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 501 mg/kg bw/day rat oral 28 day Short Term Toxicity US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 518 mg/kg bw/day rat oral 28 day Short Term Toxicity US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 600 mg/kg bw/day rat oral 28 day Short Term Toxicity US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
COSMOS DB NOAEL 638 mg/kg bw/day syrian hamster oral 35 day Short Term Toxicity US FDA CFSAN PAFA; US FDA CFSAN PAFA Study
ECHA 13 endpoints
Source Endpoint Type Value Unit Species Route Duration Study Type Reference
ECHA LOAEL <=349 mg/kg bw/day rat oral: feed - short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral dossier=69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6z; document=0b3b3def-abd8-45dd-b0b4-9fb1bd1ec035_69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6d; document_key=0b3b3def-abd8-45dd-b0b4-9fb1bd1ec035/69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851; document_subtype=RepeatedDoseToxicityOral; literature=Name=Unnamed; ReferenceYear=1978; ReportDate=1978-12-04; basis=body weight and weight gain; key_result=true; upper_value=349; entry_uuid=6043dd88-35ab-43d7-9998-b070cafd0e88
ECHA LOAEL 144 mg/kg bw/day rat oral: feed - short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral dossier=69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6z; document=0b3b3def-abd8-45dd-b0b4-9fb1bd1ec035_69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6d; document_key=0b3b3def-abd8-45dd-b0b4-9fb1bd1ec035/69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851; document_subtype=RepeatedDoseToxicityOral; literature=Name=Unnamed; ReferenceYear=1978; ReportDate=1978-12-04; basis=body weight and weight gain; key_result=false; entry_uuid=92507cd4-6c4f-4dd8-8c63-cd0615926889
ECHA LOAEL 110 mg/kg bw/day rat oral: feed - short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral dossier=69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6z; document=0b3b3def-abd8-45dd-b0b4-9fb1bd1ec035_69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6d; document_key=0b3b3def-abd8-45dd-b0b4-9fb1bd1ec035/69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851; document_subtype=RepeatedDoseToxicityOral; literature=Name=Unnamed; ReferenceYear=1978; ReportDate=1978-12-04; basis=body weight and weight gain; key_result=false; entry_uuid=c0ba3a73-ac6f-4d63-a013-4e0355fe02f0
ECHA LOAEL 200 mg/kg bw/day rat oral: feed - short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral dossier=69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6z; document=0b3b3def-abd8-45dd-b0b4-9fb1bd1ec035_69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6d; document_key=0b3b3def-abd8-45dd-b0b4-9fb1bd1ec035/69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851; document_subtype=RepeatedDoseToxicityOral; literature=Name=Unnamed; ReferenceYear=1978; ReportDate=1978-12-04; basis=body weight and weight gain; key_result=false; entry_uuid=3ff046df-f39d-4595-8cdb-8c692cd8e945
ECHA LOAEL 531 mg/kg bw/day rat oral: feed - sub-chronic toxicity: oral dossier=69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6z; document=1d4716ee-1205-4365-b39c-46d4cfe9d88f_69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6d; document_key=1d4716ee-1205-4365-b39c-46d4cfe9d88f/69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851; document_subtype=RepeatedDoseToxicityOral; literature=Name=Unnamed; ReferenceYear=1984; basis=body weight and weight gain; key_result=true; entry_uuid=ba84a17d-cd2b-4859-bcf6-1e62ff81a26f
ECHA NOAEL <=126 mg/kg bw/day mouse oral: feed - two-generation reproductive toxicity dossier=69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6z; document=b6745af3-ee34-4cff-8828-6ae2f1309def_69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6d; document_key=b6745af3-ee34-4cff-8828-6ae2f1309def/69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851; document_subtype=ToxicityReproduction; literature=Name=Unnamed; ReferenceYear=1997; basis=reproductive function (sperm measures); key_result=true; upper_value=126; entry_uuid=e7882d9e-7810-4e12-bb72-8d60932ba0ab
ECHA NOAEL <=630 mg/kg bw/day mouse oral: feed - two-generation reproductive toxicity dossier=69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6z; document=b6745af3-ee34-4cff-8828-6ae2f1309def_69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851.i6d; document_key=b6745af3-ee34-4cff-8828-6ae2f1309def/69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851; document_subtype=ToxicityReproduction; literature=Name=Unnamed; ReferenceYear=1997; basis=organ weights and organ / body weight ratios; key_result=true; upper_value=630; entry_uuid=2774a962-f725-468e-a45e-a43d7190a300
ECHA LOAEL =200 mg/kg bw/day Rat oral short-term; 28 days short-term QUALITY=2 (reliable with restrictions); STORED_SOURCE_RECORD=https://clowder.edap-cluster.com/files/669eaf16e4b0a7c65d1cc82e; RECORD_SOURCE_LEVEL=Extraction document; SOURCE_URL=https://echa.europa.eu/; SUBSOURCE_URL=https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/17899/7/6/2?documentUUID=69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851; YEAR=1990; ORIGINAL_YEAR=1990; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT=body weight and weight gain|food consumption and compound intake|organ weights and organ / body weight ratios; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT_CATEGORY=body weight|food and/or water consumption|organ weight; STUDY_GROUP=ECHA IUCLID_dup_Repeated Dose Toxicity Oral_15830503_15849922:M:--; QC_CATEGORY=Programmatically extracted from structured data source; Source overall passed QC, but this record was not manually checked; QC_STATUS=not determined; SOURCE_HASH=ToxValhc_3927235c30aa1b9783e9ae2ef2ed77bd
ECHA LOAEL <=349 mg/kg bw/day Rat oral short-term; 28 days short-term QUALITY=2 (reliable with restrictions); STORED_SOURCE_RECORD=https://clowder.edap-cluster.com/files/669eaf16e4b0a7c65d1cc82e; RECORD_SOURCE_LEVEL=Extraction document; SOURCE_URL=https://echa.europa.eu/; SUBSOURCE_URL=https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/17899/7/6/2?documentUUID=69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851; YEAR=1990; ORIGINAL_YEAR=1990; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT=body weight and weight gain|histopathology: non-neoplastic; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT_CATEGORY=body weight|nonneoplastic histopathology; STUDY_GROUP=ECHA IUCLID:15849921:M/F:--; QC_CATEGORY=Programmatically extracted from structured data source; Source overall passed QC, and this record was expert reviewed; QC_STATUS=pass; SOURCE_HASH=ToxValhc_986688f236ec3400e2722820296f53c0
ECHA LOAEL =144 mg/kg bw/day Rat oral short-term; 28 days short-term QUALITY=2 (reliable with restrictions); STORED_SOURCE_RECORD=https://clowder.edap-cluster.com/files/669eaf16e4b0a7c65d1cc82e; RECORD_SOURCE_LEVEL=Extraction document; SOURCE_URL=https://echa.europa.eu/; SUBSOURCE_URL=https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/17899/7/6/2?documentUUID=69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851; YEAR=1990; ORIGINAL_YEAR=1990; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT=body weight and weight gain|food consumption and compound intake|organ weights and organ / body weight ratios; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT_CATEGORY=body weight|food and/or water consumption|organ weight; STUDY_GROUP=ECHA IUCLID_dup_Repeated Dose Toxicity Oral_15830503_15849922:M:--; QC_CATEGORY=Programmatically extracted from structured data source; Source overall passed QC, and this record was expert reviewed; QC_STATUS=pass; SOURCE_HASH=ToxValhc_d7b24b82d1e164d0eed0d02b62a6d373
ECHA LOAEL =110 mg/kg bw/day Rat oral short-term; 28 days short-term QUALITY=2 (reliable with restrictions); STORED_SOURCE_RECORD=https://clowder.edap-cluster.com/files/669eaf16e4b0a7c65d1cc82e; RECORD_SOURCE_LEVEL=Extraction document; SOURCE_URL=https://echa.europa.eu/; SUBSOURCE_URL=https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/17899/7/6/2?documentUUID=69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851; YEAR=1990; ORIGINAL_YEAR=1990; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT=body weight and weight gain|food consumption and compound intake|organ weights and organ / body weight ratios; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT_CATEGORY=body weight|food and/or water consumption|organ weight; STUDY_GROUP=ECHA IUCLID:15849923:F:--; QC_CATEGORY=Programmatically extracted from structured data source; Source overall passed QC, and this record was expert reviewed; QC_STATUS=pass; SOURCE_HASH=ToxValhc_caeda062f0f9386c7df37110e3df9eec
ECHA NOAEL <630 mg/kg bw/day Mouse oral - reproduction developmental QUALITY=2 (reliable with restrictions); STORED_SOURCE_RECORD=https://clowder.edap-cluster.com/files/669eab68e4b0a7c65d1ba303; RECORD_SOURCE_LEVEL=Extraction document; SOURCE_URL=https://echa.europa.eu/; SUBSOURCE_URL=https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/17899/7/9/2?documentUUID=69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851; YEAR=1990; ORIGINAL_YEAR=1990; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT=P0: organ weights and organ / body weight ratios; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT_CATEGORY=organ weight; STUDY_GROUP=ECHA IUCLID_dup_Toxicity Reproduction_15856389_15863138:M/F:P0-; QC_CATEGORY=Programmatically extracted from structured data source; Source overall passed QC, but this record was not manually checked; QC_STATUS=not determined; SOURCE_HASH=ToxValhc_d60811524469c95bcd3ac92def96f207
ECHA NOAEL <=126 mg/kg bw/day Mouse oral - reproduction developmental QUALITY=2 (reliable with restrictions); STORED_SOURCE_RECORD=https://clowder.edap-cluster.com/files/669eab68e4b0a7c65d1ba303; RECORD_SOURCE_LEVEL=Extraction document; SOURCE_URL=https://echa.europa.eu/; SUBSOURCE_URL=https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/17899/7/9/2?documentUUID=69c0902c-d3b1-4789-8b5f-96e47b5d6851; YEAR=1990; ORIGINAL_YEAR=1990; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT=P0: reproductive function (sperm measures)|P0: reproductive performance; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT_CATEGORY=reproduction; STUDY_GROUP=ECHA IUCLID_dup_Toxicity Reproduction_15856389_15863138:M/F:P0-; QC_CATEGORY=Programmatically extracted from structured data source; Source overall passed QC, and this record was expert reviewed; QC_STATUS=pass; SOURCE_HASH=ToxValhc_4aa81b198c4c9804ce6f79e5c33882a0
EFSA 6 endpoints
Source Endpoint Type Value Unit Species Route Duration Study Type Reference
EFSA NOAEL =21 mg/kg bw/day Rabbit - - reproduction toxicity EFSA CONTAM - 2008 - OutputID 104 - development - teratogenic - Theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed - doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.725
EFSA NOAEL =7 mg/kg bw/day Pig oral: feed - subchronic EFSA CONTAM - 2008 - OutputID 104 - growth - systemic - Theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed - doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.725
EFSA NOAEL ca.35 mg/kg bw/day Sheep oral: feed 90 days subchronic EFSA CONTAM - 2008 - OutputID 104 - food consumption - systemic - Theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed - doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.725
EFSA NOAEL =21 mg/kg bw/day Rabbit oral - developmental LONG_REF=EFSA CONTAM (2008). Theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.725.; TITLE=Theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed; AUTHOR=EFSA CONTAM; DOI=doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.725; STORED_SOURCE_RECORD=https://clowder.edap-cluster.com/files/65201d30e4b0f0a60ddd1165; RECORD_SOURCE_LEVEL=Extraction document; SOURCE_URL=https://zenodo.org/record/5076033#.Y9fEoXbMI2z; YEAR=2008; ORIGINAL_YEAR=2008; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT=development; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT_CATEGORY=development; STUDY_GROUP=EFSA:15613919:-:--; QC_CATEGORY=Programmatically extracted from structured data source; Source overall passed QC, but this record was not manually checked; QC_STATUS=not determined; SOURCE_HASH=ToxValhc_e34e72b39e215a69014c108a178ca188
EFSA NOAEL ~35 mg/kg bw/day Sheep oral subchronic; 3 months subchronic LONG_REF=EFSA CONTAM (2008). Theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.725.; TITLE=Theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed; AUTHOR=EFSA CONTAM; DOI=doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.725; STORED_SOURCE_RECORD=https://clowder.edap-cluster.com/files/65201d30e4b0f0a60ddd1165; RECORD_SOURCE_LEVEL=Extraction document; SOURCE_URL=https://zenodo.org/record/5076033#.Y9fEoXbMI2z; YEAR=2008; ORIGINAL_YEAR=2008; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT=food consumption; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT_CATEGORY=food and/or water consumption; STUDY_GROUP=EFSA:15613921:-:--; QC_CATEGORY=Programmatically extracted from structured data source; Source overall passed QC, but this record was not manually checked; QC_STATUS=not determined; SOURCE_HASH=ToxValhc_0c41244ac9b592b6970c3200fc2b1140
EFSA NOAEL =7 mg/kg bw/day Pig oral - subchronic LONG_REF=EFSA CONTAM (2008). Theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.725.; TITLE=Theobromine as undesirable substances in animal feed; AUTHOR=EFSA CONTAM; DOI=doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.725; STORED_SOURCE_RECORD=https://clowder.edap-cluster.com/files/65201d30e4b0f0a60ddd1165; RECORD_SOURCE_LEVEL=Extraction document; SOURCE_URL=https://zenodo.org/record/5076033#.Y9fEoXbMI2z; YEAR=2008; ORIGINAL_YEAR=2008; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT=growth; TOXICOLOGICAL_EFFECT_CATEGORY=body weight; STUDY_GROUP=EFSA:15613922:-:--; QC_CATEGORY=Programmatically extracted from structured data source; Source overall passed QC, but this record was not manually checked; QC_STATUS=not determined; SOURCE_HASH=ToxValhc_c4797cc4a943dbf57ec91391210fcbdd
IARC Monographs 1 endpoint
Source Endpoint Type Value Unit Species Route Duration Study Type Reference
IARC Monographs IARC carcinogenicity classification 3 IARC group - - 1990 IARC Monographs -
NTP ICE acute oral 2 endpoints
Source Endpoint Type Value Unit Species Route Duration Study Type Reference
NTP ICE acute oral LD50 =950 mg/kg bw Rat oral acute Rat Acute Oral Toxicity NLM Hazardous Substances Data Bank (undated); record_id=acute_oral_10770; row=15669; data_type=In Vivo; mixture=Chemical; chemical_name=Theobromine; preferred_name=Theobromine; dtxsid=DTXSID9026132; url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/; url_comptox=https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9026132; url_cebs=https://doi.org/10.22427/NTP-DATA-DTXSID9026132; source_file=acute_oral.xlsx
NTP ICE acute oral LD50 =1265 mg/kg bw Rat oral acute Rat Acute Oral Toxicity NLM ChemIDplus TEST (undated); record_id=acute_oral_10771; row=15670; data_type=In Vivo; mixture=Chemical; chemical_name=Theobromine; preferred_name=Theobromine; dtxsid=DTXSID9026132; url=https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/; url_comptox=https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9026132; url_cebs=https://doi.org/10.22427/NTP-DATA-DTXSID9026132; source_file=acute_oral.xlsx
NTP ICE adme parameters 2 endpoints
Source Endpoint Type Value Unit Species Route Duration Study Type Reference
NTP ICE adme parameters Clint 396 uL/min/10^6 cells Human - - Measured; httk, Human Hepatic Intrinsic Clearance sheet=Data; excel_row=3668; Record_ID=adme_parameters_1092; Data_Type=Measured; DTXSID=DTXSID9026132; Assay=httk, Human Hepatic Intrinsic Clearance; Endpoint=Clint; Response=396.0; Response_Unit=ul/min/10^6 cells; Species=Human; Reference=httk2.3.1, Wambaugh 2019; URL=https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/httk/index.html; URL_CompTox=https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9026132; URL_CEBS=https://doi.org/10.22427/NTP-DATA-DTXSID9026132
NTP ICE adme parameters Fu 0.955 fraction Human - - Measured; httk, Human Plasma Fraction Unbound sheet=Data; excel_row=3667; Record_ID=adme_parameters_1092; Data_Type=Measured; DTXSID=DTXSID9026132; Assay=httk, Human Plasma Fraction Unbound; Endpoint=Fu; Response=0.955; Response_Unit=Unitless Fraction; Species=Human; Reference=httk2.3.1, Wambaugh 2019; URL=https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/httk/index.html; URL_CompTox=https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9026132; URL_CEBS=https://doi.org/10.22427/NTP-DATA-DTXSID9026132
NTP ICE cancer 1 endpoint
Source Endpoint Type Value Unit Species Route Duration Study Type Reference
NTP ICE cancer IARC group 3 unitless - - - WOE; IARC Carcinogenicity sheet=Data; excel_row=10245; Record_ID=cancer_4428; Data_Type=WOE; Formulation_Name=Theobromine; Mixture=Chemical; DTXSID=DTXSID9026132; Assay=IARC Carcinogenicity; Endpoint=IARC group; Response=3; Response_Unit=Unitless; URL=http://publications.iarc.fr/69; URL_CompTox=https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9026132; URL_CEBS=https://doi.org/10.22427/NTP-DATA-DTXSID9026132
NTP ICE endocrine 1 endpoint
Source Endpoint Type Value Unit Species Route Duration Study Type Reference
NTP ICE endocrine Model Score 0 unitless - - - ARPathway2016; AR Pathway Model, Antagonist sheet=Integrated_approaches; excel_row=15384; RecordID=ARPathway2016_1633; DatasetName=ARPathway2016; DTXSID=DTXSID9026132; Assay=AR Pathway Model, Antagonist; Endpoint=Model Score; Response=0; Response_Unit=Unitless; URL_CompTox=https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9026132; URL_CEBS=https://doi.org/10.22427/NTP-DATA-DTXSID9026132
openFDA substances 1 endpoint
Source Endpoint Type Value Unit Species Route Duration Study Type Reference
openFDA substances FDA UNII substance identifier OBD445WZ5P UNII - - - chemical -